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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Configuration Interaction</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p><b>Configuration Interaction</b>&nbsp;(CI) bezeichnet eine Methode aus der <a href="Quantenchemie" title="Quantenchemie">Quantenchemie</a>. Sie kann die Interaktion zwischen <a href="Quantenverschr%C3%A4nkung" title="Quantenverschränkung">korrelierten</a> Teilchen, z.&nbsp;B. <a href="Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektronen</a> in einem <a href="Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül">Molekül</a>, besser beschreiben als die <a href="Hartree-Fock-Methode" title="Hartree-Fock-Methode">Hartree-Fock-Methode</a> und gehört damit zu den <a href="Post-Hartree-Fock-Methoden" title="Post-Hartree-Fock-Methoden">Post-Hartree-Fock-Methoden</a>. Sie baut dazu die verwendete <a href="Wellenfunktion" title="Wellenfunktion">Wellenfunktion</a> aus mehr als einer <a href="Elektronenkonfiguration" title="Elektronenkonfiguration">Elektronenkonfiguration</a> auf, in Form einer <a href="Linearkombination" title="Linearkombination">Linearkombination</a> von <a href="Slater-Determinante" title="Slater-Determinante">Slater-Determinanten</a>. Varianten von CI beziehen sich auf die Menge und Art der zusätzlich betrachteten Konfigurationen. So verwendet z.&nbsp;B. <i>Full-CI</i> alle verfügbaren <a href="Angeregter_Zustand" title="Angeregter Zustand">angeregten Zustände</a> und ist damit für fast alle realen Systeme zu aufwändig zu berechnen, während <i>CISD</i> nur einfach und doppelt (<b>CI</b>, <b>s</b>ingles, <b>d</b>oubles) angeregte Zustände einbezieht. Dabei gilt bei allen Varianten außer Full-CI, dass sich die Energie nicht verdoppelt, wenn das System verdoppelt wird – CI ist damit im Allgemeinen nicht größenkonsistent.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basisentwicklung,_Slater-Determinanten"><span id="Basisentwicklung.2C_Slater-Determinanten"></span>Basisentwicklung, Slater-Determinanten</h2></div>
<p>Die zeitunabhängige <a href="Schr%C3%B6dingergleichung" title="Schrödingergleichung">Schrödingergleichung</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle =E|\Psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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<mi>E</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle =E|\Psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/eec064417bfb882ebb4f7cd0fb3feff6c5db6cc1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.657ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle =E|\Psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>(bzw. ihrer <a href="Relativistisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativistisch">relativistischen</a> Verallgemeinerungen), die besonders in der <a href="Quantenchemie" title="Quantenchemie">Quantenchemie</a> verwendet wird, stellt eine Operatorengleichung für abstrakte Vektoren in einem <a href="Hilbertraum" title="Hilbertraum">Hilbertraum</a> dar. Zu deren Lösung wählt man eine bestimmte Darstellung der Wellenfunktion. Eine Einteilchenwellenfunktion lässt sich z.&nbsp;B. durch Entwicklung in eine Basis <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{|\phi _{k}\rangle \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{|\phi _{k}\rangle \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01415ea26908b91e01764e3d623d2ec51f944c3e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.351ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{|\phi _{k}\rangle \}}" loading="lazy"></span> der Größe <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{b}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72f4f985ecf182d4503ee6fba5942e91514b4d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> auf einem Einteilchen-Hilbertraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19ef4c7b923a5125ac91aa491838a95ee15b804f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.964ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span> darstellen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k}c_{k}\,|\phi _{k}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k}c_{k}\,|\phi _{k}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5418c59ee8779d2616cc124df41679becfe3091.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:16.708ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k}c_{k}\,|\phi _{k}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span>-Teilchenwellenfunktionen sind Elemente des <a href="Tensorprodukt" title="Tensorprodukt">Tensorproduktraums</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}={\mathcal {H}}\otimes {\mathcal {H}}\otimes \cdots \otimes {\mathcal {H}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>⊗<!-- ⊗ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
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</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}={\mathcal {H}}\otimes {\mathcal {H}}\otimes \cdots \otimes {\mathcal {H}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2703cbea918ac9163f3a08b52d9d104806b8bc5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:23.889ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}={\mathcal {H}}\otimes {\mathcal {H}}\otimes \cdots \otimes {\mathcal {H}}}" loading="lazy"></span>, der sich aus den jeweiligen Einteilchen-Hilberträumen zusammensetzt. Eine Basis von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48942c0eccf8dd8f7cdb9ebc744906ed0d1d7664.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.655ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist durch alle möglichen Produkte der Einteilchenbasis gegeben, sodass die Wellenfunktion wie folgt entwickelt werden kann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\,|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\,|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fc09f0f813faf553ccb03c0d63efdb4e63ba96f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:32.287ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\,|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dabei werden die Basisvektoren
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle \ =\ |\phi _{k_{1}}\rangle \cdots |\phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
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</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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</msub>
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</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mo>=</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle \ =\ |\phi _{k_{1}}\rangle \cdots |\phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/585fe7a22706f5f79050cbc34d025bf65e7bf793.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:30.167ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle \ =\ |\phi _{k_{1}}\rangle \cdots |\phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>als Hartree-Produkte bezeichnet.
</p><p>Aufgrund des <a href="Pauliprinzip" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauliprinzip">Pauliprinzips</a> muss die elektronische Wellenfunktion antisymmetrisch gegenüber Vertauschung zweier Teilchenkoordinaten sein, d.&nbsp;h. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6e77f6b1e903837c5765c9683da41dd93199621c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.36ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle }" loading="lazy"></span> lebt nur in dem Unterraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe44f9c64b46a49dc7176dff9d4cb455e62d5542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.655ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}" loading="lazy"></span> der antisymmetrischen Funktionen. Die Hartree-Produkte erfüllen diese Forderung nicht, weswegen auch die Wellenfunktion nicht antisymmetrisch sein muss. Um die Antisymmetrisierung zu gewährleisten, kann man die Wellenfunktion auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe44f9c64b46a49dc7176dff9d4cb455e62d5542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.655ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}" loading="lazy"></span> projizieren. Weitaus häufiger jedoch projiziert man bereits vorher die Basisvektoren auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">H</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fe44f9c64b46a49dc7176dff9d4cb455e62d5542.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.655ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}_{N}^{-}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wodurch man aus den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{b}^{\,N}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{b}^{\,N}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6efee2e562c1b865492f99b6b8e6a67764e2dcd4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.202ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{b}^{\,N}}" loading="lazy"></span> Hartree-Produkten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\binom {2N_{b}}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
</mrow>
<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\binom {2N_{b}}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c2bc5017fddb785cfe746c5fa159a8d4a783f16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:7.387ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\binom {2N_{b}}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span> Slater-Determinanten erhält,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {N!}}}\,\sum _{\sigma \in {\mathcal {S}}_{N}}{\text{sign}}(\sigma )|\phi _{\sigma (k_{1})}\rangle \cdots |\phi _{\sigma (k_{N})}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>!</mo>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">S</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>sign</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {N!}}}\,\sum _{\sigma \in {\mathcal {S}}_{N}}{\text{sign}}(\sigma )|\phi _{\sigma (k_{1})}\rangle \cdots |\phi _{\sigma (k_{N})}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b54915e10468e6bd3b5d4edec518213d03705eda.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:51.627ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {N!}}}\,\sum _{\sigma \in {\mathcal {S}}_{N}}{\text{sign}}(\sigma )|\phi _{\sigma (k_{1})}\rangle \cdots |\phi _{\sigma (k_{N})}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei die Summe über alle möglichen Permutationen geht. Durch die Slater-Determinanten erhält man eine geeignete Basis zur Entwicklung der Wellenfunktion,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k_{1}<k_{2}<\cdots <k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\,|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ<!-- Ψ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k_{1}&lt;k_{2}&lt;\cdots &lt;k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\,|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89f0eaacde9cad54e41f2bb01fdd7a9b245bd372.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:37.811ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |\Psi \rangle =\sum _{k_{1}<k_{2}<\cdots <k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\,|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Slater-Determinanten sind Eigenfunktionen des projizierten Spins <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {S}}_{z}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {S}}_{z}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ac67cb8315ba14707385264d2f64e1e65a965f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.574ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {S}}_{z}}" loading="lazy"></span>, jedoch im Allgemeinen keine Eigenfunktionen des Gesamtspins <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {S}}^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {S}}^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f525fc62601674c7d99f4926642ca9eac29703a4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.627ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {S}}^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. In der Praxis wählt man deshalb häufig auch Configuration State Functions (CSF) als Basisfunktionen. Eine CSF lässt sich als eine Linearkombinationen von einigen wenigen Slater-Determinanten angeben. Ihr Vorteil liegt darin, dass die Wellenfunktion automatisch Eigenfunktion des Spins ist, und dass man weniger CSFs als Determinanten zur Entwicklung braucht. Es sollte jedoch erwähnt werden, dass die zurzeit erfolgreichsten CI Codes mit Slater-Determinanten arbeiten.
</p><p>Als Orbitalbasis werden üblicherweise die Orbitale einer optimierten <a href="Hartree-Fock-Methode" title="Hartree-Fock-Methode">Hartree-Fock</a>-Wellenfunktion gewählt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Full_Configuration_Interaction">Full Configuration Interaction</h2></div>
<p>Die Configuration Interaction Methode erhält man nun sehr einfach. Man setzt die Entwicklung der Wellenfunktion in die Schrödingergleichung ein,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k_{1}<\cdots <k_{N}}{\hat {H}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle =E\sum _{k_{1}<\cdots <k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
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<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
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</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k_{1}&lt;\cdots &lt;k_{N}}{\hat {H}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle =E\sum _{k_{1}&lt;\cdots &lt;k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ad498715f20fe379bf08ecc0c6b778eb50d4658f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:63.323ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k_{1}<\cdots <k_{N}}{\hat {H}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle =E\sum _{k_{1}<\cdots <k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und multipliziert sie mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/15c7436b4d74f8a8692bb8037de571d4725a6ab7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:11.82ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|}" loading="lazy"></span>. Wegen der Orthonormalität der Slater-Determinante (folgt aus der orthonormalen Einteilchenbasis) erhält man
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k_{1}<\cdots <k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|{\hat {H}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle =Ec_{j_{1}\cdots j_{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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</munder>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<msub>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k_{1}&lt;\cdots &lt;k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|{\hat {H}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle =Ec_{j_{1}\cdots j_{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58ea7988159f6153a48c2f0c285416897dec0656.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:53.456ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k_{1}<\cdots <k_{N}}c_{k_{1}\cdots k_{N}}\langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|{\hat {H}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle =Ec_{j_{1}\cdots j_{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und damit ein Matrix-Eigenwertproblem,
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \mathbf {c} =E\mathbf {c} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">H</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">c</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">c</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \mathbf {c} =E\mathbf {c} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c68f9a153312afa604693cb5eda9e0550dfae04c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.342ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} \mathbf {c} =E\mathbf {c} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Vielteilchen-Wellenfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Vielteilchen-Wellenfunktion">Vielteilchen-Wellenfunktion</a> wird dabei in eine Basis aus <a href="Slater-Determinante" title="Slater-Determinante">Slater-Determinanten</a> entwickelt, wodurch die Schrödinger-Gleichung auf ein <a href="Matrix_(Mathematik)" title="Matrix (Mathematik)">Matrix</a>-<a href="Eigenwert" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwert">Eigenwertproblem</a> reduziert wird. Die (teilweise) <a href="Diagonalisierbare_Matrix#Diagonalisierung" title="Diagonalisierbare Matrix">Diagonalisierung</a> dieser Matrix liefert dann die <a href="Eigenzustand" title="Eigenzustand">Eigenzustände</a> des quantenmechanischen Systems.
</p><p>In der Quantenchemie ist der Hamiltonian häufig gegeben durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=\sum _{pq}h_{pq}\sum _{\sigma }{\hat {a}}_{p\sigma }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{q\sigma }+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{pqrs}g_{pqrs}\sum _{\sigma \tau }{\hat {a}}_{p\sigma }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{r\tau }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{s\tau }{\hat {a}}_{q\sigma }\,,}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mo>=</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>h</mi>
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<mi>p</mi>
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<munder>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
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<mi>q</mi>
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<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
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<msub>
<mi>g</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>p</mi>
<mi>q</mi>
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</msub>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
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</munder>
<msubsup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
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<mi>r</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>q</mi>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>,</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=\sum _{pq}h_{pq}\sum _{\sigma }{\hat {a}}_{p\sigma }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{q\sigma }+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{pqrs}g_{pqrs}\sum _{\sigma \tau }{\hat {a}}_{p\sigma }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{r\tau }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{s\tau }{\hat {a}}_{q\sigma }\,,}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a8fe56ff888f1ac5ff1b6bd9bb653cb75a5aba93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:53.668ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}=\sum _{pq}h_{pq}\sum _{\sigma }{\hat {a}}_{p\sigma }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{q\sigma }+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{pqrs}g_{pqrs}\sum _{\sigma \tau }{\hat {a}}_{p\sigma }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{r\tau }^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}_{s\tau }{\hat {a}}_{q\sigma }\,,}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>d.&nbsp;h. als Summe aus Einteilchentermen (kinetische + potentielle Energie) sowie der Zweiteilchen-<a href="Coulomb-Wechselwirkung" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulomb-Wechselwirkung">Coulomb-Wechselwirkung</a>. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/59f59b7c3e6fdb1d0365a494b81fb9a696138c36.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>τ<!-- τ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnen die Spinvariablen.
</p><p>Um das Eigenwertproblem zu bestimmen, müssen Matrixelemente der Form
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|{\hat {H}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msub>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>j</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<msub>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
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<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
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<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>k</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>N</mi>
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</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|{\hat {H}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1713e43702e9ee326814fd9844083b1c647ac135.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.061ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle \phi _{j_{1}}\cdots \phi _{j_{N}}|{\hat {H}}|\phi _{k_{1}}\cdots \phi _{k_{N}}\rangle }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>berechnet werden. Die Auswertung dieser Matrixelemente geschieht mit den Slater-Condon-Regeln.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>Die Methode ist im Prinzip exakt, die einzige Näherung besteht in der Wahl einer endlich großen Einteilchenbasis. Dadurch ist die Wellenfunktion keine Eigenfunktion des Hamilton-Operators. Eine große Einschränkung ist allerdings durch die Skalierung der Hamiltonmatrix gegeben. Für eine gewählte Anzahl an Teilchen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> und Anzahl an Basisfunktionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{b}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{b}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/72f4f985ecf182d4503ee6fba5942e91514b4d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.804ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{b}}" loading="lazy"></span> hat die Matrix die Dimension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\binom {2N_{b}}{N}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
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<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">(</mo>
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<mfrac linethickness="0">
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
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<mi>N</mi>
</mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="2.047em" minsize="2.047em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\binom {2N_{b}}{N}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c2bc5017fddb785cfe746c5fa159a8d4a783f16.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:7.387ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\binom {2N_{b}}{N}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Durch Ausnutzung von Symmetrien, z.&nbsp;B. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [{\hat {H}},{\hat {S}}_{z}]=[{\hat {H}},{\hat {S}}^{2}]=\dots =0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>z</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>H</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>S</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [{\hat {H}},{\hat {S}}_{z}]=[{\hat {H}},{\hat {S}}^{2}]=\dots =0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f2af78c5a699dcd987eb52d122638df6550dcb9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.165ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [{\hat {H}},{\hat {S}}_{z}]=[{\hat {H}},{\hat {S}}^{2}]=\dots =0}" loading="lazy"></span> kann diese Zahl zwar reduziert werden, die exponentielle Skalierung bleibt aber bestehen.
</p><p>In der Praxis verwendet man deswegen iterative Methoden zur Lösung des Eigenwertproblems (z.&nbsp;B. Arpack), oder andere Minimierungsmethoden (z.&nbsp;B. Formen des <a href="Newton-Verfahren" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton-Verfahren">Newton-Verfahrens</a>), mit denen man nur einige wenige Eigenfunktionen erhält, typischerweise den Grundzustand.
</p><p>In vielen Fällen wird dabei die Hamiltonmatrix nicht explizit gebildet, sondern nur ihre Wirkung auf den Koeffizientenvektor berechnet, eine Variante, die man „Direct CI“ nennt.
</p><p>Aufgrund der exponentiellen Skalierung wird die CI-Entwicklung in der Praxis meist an einer bestimmten stelle abgebrochen. Die Determinanten bzw. CSFs werden dabei danach klassifiziert, durch wie viele "Anregungen" (formal Anwendung von Leiteroperatoren) sie sich aus der Referenzdeterminante generieren lassen. So bezeichnet CIS eine CI-Entwicklung, die nach den "Singles", also den Einfachanregungen abgebrochen wird, während CISD auch die "doubles" enthält. CIS stellt oft eine einfache Näherung zur Beschreibung der ersten angeregten Zustände von Molekülen dar, liefert aber (bei Verwendung konvergierter Hartree-Fock-Orbitale) keine verbesserte Beschreibung des Grundzustandes, da die entsprechenden Matrixelemente aufgrund des Brillouin Theorems gleich null sind.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Im CIS-Formalismus lässt sich die Anregungsenergie wie folgt angeben:
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{CIS}=\sum _{ia}(c_{i}^{a})(\epsilon _{a}-\epsilon _{i})+\sum _{ia,jb}c_{i}^{a}c_{j}^{b}(ia||jb)}">
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<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mi>a</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>ϵ<!-- ϵ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
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<mi>i</mi>
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<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>a</mi>
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<msubsup>
<mi>c</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>j</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>j</mi>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{CIS}=\sum _{ia}(c_{i}^{a})(\epsilon _{a}-\epsilon _{i})+\sum _{ia,jb}c_{i}^{a}c_{j}^{b}(ia||jb)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dbd543f86d38dae882c2bdc47b777680b85b2a7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:41.353ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{CIS}=\sum _{ia}(c_{i}^{a})(\epsilon _{a}-\epsilon _{i})+\sum _{ia,jb}c_{i}^{a}c_{j}^{b}(ia||jb)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p><p>Dabei sind <i>i</i>,j besetzte und <i>a</i>,<i>b</i> unbesetzte Orbitale. Unter der Annahme, dass eine Konfiguration dominant ist, ergibt sich die Anregungsenergie als Summe aus der entsprechenden Orbitaldifferenz und den Zwei-Elektronen-Integralen, welche die (durch die Anregung) veränderte Elektronen-Elektronen-Wechselwirkung (teilweise) berücksichtigen.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Full-CI ist größenkonsistent (size consistent), d.&nbsp;h. die Energie zweier Untersysteme ist immer gleich der Energie des Gesamtsystems. Wird die CI-Entwicklung hingegen vorher abgebrochen, ist die CI-Methode (abgesehen von CIS) nicht größenkonsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einbettung_in_die_Quantenchemie">Einbettung in die Quantenchemie</h2></div>
<p>Verwandte Methoden sind:
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Coupled_Cluster" title="Coupled Cluster">Coupled Cluster</a> (CC),</li>
<li><a href="Self-Consistent-Field-Methode" title="Self-Consistent-Field-Methode">Self-Consistent-Field-Methode</a> (SCF),</li>
<li>Møller-Plesset-Störungsrechnung (MP) sowie</li>
<li>Multiconfiguration Self-Consistent-Field Algorithmen (MCSCF).</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Trygve Helgaker, Jeppe Olsen, Poul Jorgensen: <cite style="font-style:italic">Molecular Electronic-Structure Theory</cite>. Reprint Auflage. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2013, ISBN 978-1-118-53147-1.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Configuration+Interaction&amp;rft.au=Trygve+Helgaker%2C+Jeppe+Olsen%2C+Poul+Jorgensen&amp;rft.btitle=Molecular+Electronic-Structure+Theory&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.edition=Reprint&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781118531471&amp;rft.place=Chichester&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Dreuw, Martin Head-Gordon: <cite style="font-style:italic">Single-Reference ab Initio Methods for the Calculation of Excited States of Large Molecules</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Chemical Reviews</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>105</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>11</span>, 1.&nbsp;November 2005, <a href="Internationale_Standardnummer_f%C3%BCr_fortlaufende_Sammelwerke" title="Internationale Standardnummer für fortlaufende Sammelwerke">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<span style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zdb-katalog.de/list.xhtml?t=iss%3D%220009-2665%22&amp;key=cql">0009-2665</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4009–4037</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021/cr0505627">10.1021/cr0505627</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Configuration+Interaction&amp;rft.atitle=Single-Reference+ab+Initio+Methods+for+the+Calculation+of+Excited+States+of+Large+Molecules&amp;rft.au=Andreas+Dreuw%2C+Martin+Head-Gordon&amp;rft.date=2005-11-01&amp;rft.doi=10.1021%2Fcr0505627&amp;rft.genre=journal&amp;rft.issn=0009-2665&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Reviews&amp;rft.pages=4009-4037&amp;rft.volume=105" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
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